The effects of the railway were immediate. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990. AP EUROPEAN HISTORY SUMMER, 2017 ASSIGNMENTS Welcome to AP European History. Concurrent with this idea, movements to preserve old fortresses and historic sites emerged, and these particularly focused on the Rhineland, the site of so many confrontations with France and Spain.[43]. [85], The Peace of Prague offered lenient terms to Austria but its relationship with the new nation-state of Italy underwent major restructuring. Rail travel changed how cities looked and how people traveled. The man-made factors included political rivalries between members of the German confederation, particularly between the Austrians and the Prussians, and socio-economic competition among the commercial and merchant interests, and the old land-owning and aristocratic interests. [11], Generally, an enlarged Prussia and the 38 other states consolidated from the mediatized territories of 1803 were confederated within the Austrian Empire's sphere of influence. Austria's sphere expanded throughout much of the Central European territories formerly held by the Holy Roman Empire. How were they to be organized? The Peace of Prague sealed the dissolution of the German Confederation. Since 1780, after emancipation by the Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II, Jews in the former Habsburg territories had enjoyed considerable economic and legal privileges that their counterparts in other German-speaking territories did not: they could own land, for example, and they did not have to live in a Jewish quarter (also called the Judengasse, or "Jews' alley"). For instance Italy was brought together when the Franco-Prussian war withdrew France from Rome. He opposed the antisemitic programs of Bismarck's Kulturkampf and the vitriolic text that Treitschke often employed in the publication of his Studien ber die Judenfrage (Studies of the Jewish Question), which encouraged assimilation and Germanization of Jews. The expulsion of Jews from Russia in the 1880s and 1890s complicated integration into the German public sphere. Western Civilization, since 1300. AP European History Textbook Western Europe Since 1945 Western Civilization I: Certificate Program . [80], A quick peace was essential to keep Russia from entering the conflict on Austria's side. Giant AP Euro Terms List with complete solutions 2023 - Docmerit Giant AP Euro Terms List with complete solutions 2023 $20.45 Add to Cart Browse Study Resource | Subjects Liberty University Health Care Giant AP Euro Terms List with complete solutions 2023 Exam Giant AP Euro Terms List with complete solutions 2023 10th grade. In October 1813, more than 500,000 combatants engaged in ferocious fighting over three days, making it the largest European land battle of the 19th century. All the rest of us would eagerly and joyfully follow you." The states south of the Main River (Baden, Wrttemberg, and Bavaria) signed separate treaties requiring them to pay indemnities and to form alliances bringing them into Prussia's sphere of influence. Prussia thus exercised influence in both bodies, with executive power vested in the Prussian King as Kaiser, who appointed the federal chancellor. Under the hegemony of the French Empire (18041814), popular German nationalism thrived in the reorganized German states. No German state is permitted to distinguish between its citizens and other Germans. [49] Furthermore, this argument maintains, the "failure" of 1848 reaffirmed latent aristocratic longings among the German middle class; consequently, this group never developed a self-conscious program of modernization. Revolutionaries associated national unification with progress. (The power of initiating legislation rested with the chancellor.) As a result, the Confederation of the Rhine collapsed and the French period came to an end. The Unification of Italy and Germany Nationalism and Enlightenment ideas energized people in Europe to push for more democratic forms of government in the 1800's. In Latin America and the Caribbean, it inspired people to revolt against European rule and seek to create their own nations. [21], The Hambach Festival (Hambacher Fest) in May 1832 was attended by a crowd of more than 30,000. emphasized their distinctiveness for not only the Christian Germans, but for the local Jewish populations as well. Their governance varied: they included free imperial cities, also of different sizes, such as the powerful Augsburg and the minuscule Weil der Stadt; ecclesiastical territories, also of varying sizes and influence, such as the wealthy Abbey of Reichenau and the powerful Archbishopric of Cologne; and dynastic states such as Wrttemberg. Plus, it's packed with the women's World Cup DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2001. the 9-0, unanimous vote on the court is set to overturn the lower appellate court decision that augustus . Over the following forty years, the great powers supported the Spanish monarchy, but events in 1868 would further test the old system, finally providing the external trigger needed by Bismarck. Unification of Italy and Germany Social Issue High Imperialism World . The question became not a matter of if but rather when unification would occur, and when was contingent upon strength. . Initially conceived by the Prussian Finance Minister Hans, Count von Blow, as a Prussian customs union in 1818, the Zollverein linked the many Prussian and Hohenzollern territories. The principal architects of this convention, Metternich, Castlereagh, and Tsar Alexander (with his foreign secretary Count Karl Nesselrode), had conceived of and organized a Europe balanced and guaranteed by four "great powers": Great Britain, France, Russia, and Austria, with each power having a geographic sphere of influence. Finally, as Prussian military capacity far exceeded that of Austria, Prussia was clearly the only state within the Confederation (or among the German states generally) capable of protecting all of them from potential interference or aggression. Cambridge University Press.2003. Italian and German Unification Secondary Sources SOURCE 1: Excerpt from Raymond Grew, A Sterner Plan for Italian Unity, 1963, pp. The German Confederation saw this act as a violation of the London Protocol of 1852, which emphasized the status of the Kingdom of Denmark as distinct from the three independent duchies. Play the overture to Das Rhinegold, which is approximately 5 minutes long. The Imperial Diet had the power to pass, amend, or reject bills, but it could not initiate legislation. Those balance of power manoeuvers were epitomized by the War of the Bavarian Succession, or "Potato War" among common folk. Smith, Helmut Walser, ed. Blackbourn, David. Richard Wagner (181383) is one of the most controversial composers of the nineteenth century. [66] First, the phrase from his speech "the great questions of time will not be resolved by speeches and majority decisions" is often interpreted as a repudiation of the political processa repudiation Bismarck did not himself advocate. Brunswick joined the Zollverein Customs Union in 1842, while Hanover and Oldenburg finally joined in 1854[32] After the Austro-Prussian war of 1866, Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg were annexed by Prussia and thus annexed also to the Customs Union, while the two Mecklenburg states and the city states of Hamburg and Bremen joined late because they were reliant on international trade. [58], This sphere of influence system depended upon the fragmentation of the German and Italian states, not their consolidation. The German unification was also brought together by the Franco-Prussian war. Both impacting leaders, the Reformation's Martin Luther and the Qin Dynasty's Shi Huang Di make decisions that change the course of global history. Review the logistics and format of the exam, as well as useful resources to study for each unit. [105] "Einheit unity was achieved at the expense of Freiheit freedom. The militaries of the larger states (such as the Kingdoms of Bavaria and Saxony) retained some autonomy, but they underwent major reforms to coordinate with Prussian military principles and came under federal government control in wartime. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at ssd@info.collegeboard.org. That is a short German unification summary, but the process was complex, and you can learn more about it by looking at the German unification timeline and detailed account of the wars of . Second, through diplomatic maneuvering, a skilful leader could create an environment in which a rival state would declare war first, thus forcing states allied with the "victim" of external aggression to come to the leader's aid. Eric Ryan Distinguished Scholar at Southern Methodist University studying Finance, Business Journalism, and Data Science The Prussian cabinet saw German unity as an issue of power and a question of who had the strength and will to wield that power. He rejected liberal politics and constitutionalism in favor of unification "from above" through military force and diplomatic scheming. The full text of Wagner's essay is available online. The Burschenschaft student organizations and popular demonstrations, such as those held at Wartburg Castle in October 1817, contributed to a growing sense of unity among German speakers of Central Europe. In 1850, inland shipping carried three times more freight than railroads; by 1870, the situation was reversed, and railroads carried four times more. They believed any such conflict would only serve the interests of royal dynasties. Demonstrates the impact of German unification on the ethnically French region of Alsace. Since the 15th century, with few exceptions, the Empire's Prince-electors had chosen successive heads of the House of Habsburg from the Duchy of Austria to hold the title of Holy Roman Emperor. 432456. The overture to Das Rheingold sets the stage for the audience. Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. [28] The failure of most of the governments to deal with the food crisis of the mid-1840s, caused by the potato blight (related to the Great Irish Famine) and several seasons of bad weather, encouraged many to think that the rich and powerful had no interest in their problems. While some, such as Wagner, viewed the nation as an organic and natural entity, drawing together peoples with similar linguistic and cultural heritages, others considered the nation as a political institution to be constructed by political authority. In April 1866, the Prussian representative in Florence signed a secret agreement with the Italian government, committing each state to assist the other in a war against Austria.
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