Lacson, T.; Gamos, A. Diccionario mitologico de Filipinas. Dictionary Yakan Pilipino English. Journal of International Development and Cooperation of Hiroshima University. (1977). Madale, A. T. (1976). https://www.learnreligions.com/insect-magic-and-folklore-2562520 (accessed March 4, 2023). Pardo, F. (16861688). Arbues, L. R. (1960). Miller, J. M. (1904). "9 Magical Insects and Their Folklore." Page 872. Manuel, A. E. (1973). Dua Sepa! Segoyong: guardians of the classes of natural phenomena; punishes humans to do not show respect and steal their wards; many of them specialize in a class, which can be water, trees, grasses, caves behind waterfalls, land caves, snakes, fire, nunuk trees, deers, and pigs; Segoyong of Land Caves: take the form of a feared snake known a humanity's grandparent; cannot be killed for he is the twin of the first people who was banished for playfully roughly with his sibling, Segoyong of Pigs: takes its share of butterflies in the forest; feared during night hunts, Segoyong of Deers: can change humans into deers and man-eaters; feared during night hunts, Segoyong of Sickness: sends sickness to humans because in the early years, humans were not nice to him; talking about him is forbidden and if one should refer to him, a special sign of surrender is conducted, Woman at Bonggo: the woman at Bonggo who gathers the spirits at the land of the dead in the sky; keeps the spirit of the body, Woman beyond Bonggo: the woman beyond Bonggo who keeps the spirit of the umbilical cord, Brother of Tulus: lives in the highest abode in the land of the dead, where those who died in battle reside, Maginalao: beings of the upper regions who can aid someone to go up in the upper worlds without dying, where usually a female aids a person first, followed by her brother; they sometimes come to earth to aid the poor and the suffering, Giant of Chasms: the first one to guard the chasms between the layers of the upper regions; a man-eating giant, Spirit of Lightning and Thunder: advises humans about good and bad, to not tease animals, and to respect elders and ancestors, Spirit Who Turns Earth into Water: advises humans about good and bad, to not tease animals, and to respect elders and ancestors, Settlers of the Mountains: each of the eight layers of the upper regions have eight spirits referred as Settlers of the Mountains; they are four men and four women who are appealed to for pity in order to get to the highest ranking spirit in a layer, Spirit of the Stars: a spirit higher in rank than the Settlers of the Mountains, Spirit of the Umbilical Cord: the woman beside the deity Meketefu (Tulus); hardest to get pity from as the people were once unkind to her, Malang Batunan: a giant who had a huge house; keep the souls of any false shamans from passing through the region of the Great Spirit, Major constellation deities: six constellations asked by the hero Lagey Lingkuwus to remain in the sky to aid in the people's farming, Fegeferafad: the leader of the constellations; actual name is Keluguy, the fatherly figure for the cousins Kufukufu, Baka, and Seretar; shaped like a human, the deity has a headcloth and chicken wings on his head, symbolizing courage, Kufukufu: one of the three cousins who view both Fegeferafad and Singkad as their fatherly figures, Baka: one of the three cousins who view both Fegeferafad and Singkad as their fatherly figures, Seretar: one of the three cousins who view both Fegeferafad and Singkad as their fatherly figures, Singkad: spouse of Kenogon; another fatherly figure for the cousins Kufukufu, Baka, and Seretar, Kenogon: spouse of Singkad; has a comb, which is always near Singkad, Flood Couple: after the great flood, a Teduray boy and Dulungan girl survived and married; their offspring who took after their father became the Teduray, while those who took after their mother became the Dulungan, who were later absorbed by the Manobo, Mamalu: an ancestor of the Teduray; the elder sibling who went into the mountains to remain with the native faith; brother of Tambunaoway, ancestor of the Maguindanao, Tambunaoway: an ancestor of the Maguindanao; the younger sibling who went remained in the lowlands and welcomed a foreign faith; brother of Mamalu, ancestor of the Teduray, First Humans: the first couple's child died and from the infant's body, sprouted various plants and lime, Pounding Woman: a woman who was pounding rice one day that she hit the sky with her pestle, which shamed the sky, causing it to go higher, Alagasi: giant humans from western lands who eat smaller humans, Tigangan: giants who take corpses, and transform these corpse into whatever they want to eat, Supreme Being: the supreme deity who is far way, and so lesser divinities and spirits hear people's prayers instead; was also later called as Allah by Muslim converts, Malaykat: each person is protected by these angelic beings from illness; they also guide people in work, making humans active, diligent, and good; they do not talk nor borrow a voice from humans, and they don't treat sick persons, Tunung: spirits who live in the sky, water, mountain, or trees; listens to prayers and can converse with humans by borrowing the voice of a medium; protects humans from sickness and crops from pests, Cotabato Healer Monkey: a monkey who lived near a pond outside Cotabato city; it heals those who touch it and those who give it enough offerings, Patakoda: a giant stallion whose presence at the Pulangi river is an omen for an unfortunate event. (1915). The University of Chicago Press. Page 6. Boquet, Y. Benedict, L. W. (1913). Bikols of the Philippines. Marsden, William (1784). The Isneg Farmer. Madrid, 1895. Carte [] sobre la idolatria de los naturales de la provincia de Zambales, y de los del pueblo de Santo Tomas y otros cicunvecinos []. Diccionario mitologico de Filipinas. Ateneo de Manila University. Datu na Gyadsal: the chief adversary, who was also later called as Satan by Muslim converts; Spirit of the Rainbow: a spirit who may cut the finger of those who use their index finger to point at the rainbow, Bantugen: an epic hero-god and the god of forefathers who the masses look up to and trust, Apo: anestral spirits who take the role of intermediaries who overcome evil spirits, Pagari: also called Inikadowa, the twin-spirit who is sometimes in the form of a crocodile; if a person is possessed by them, the person will attain the gift of healing, Tarabusao: a half-man, half-horse giant monster who rules Mindanao and feasted on male human flesh, which caused many to escape into the island of Mantapuli; beheaded by Skander, Skander: the ruler of Mantapuli and an epic hero who went on a quest to slay the monster Tarabusao, Bai Labi Mapanda: the fairest lady of Mantapuli who is married to Skander, Kalanganan Kapre: a good giant who provided the people of Kalanganan I with security, guarding them against bad elements; eventually left Kalanganan when his home near the Pulangi river was cut down due to a surge in human population, Rajah Indarapatra: brother of Rajah Solayman; gave his ring and sword called Jurul Pakal to his brother, who went on a quest to defeat the monsters in Maguindanao; also planted a tree which would only die if Rajah Solayman dies; searched for his brother, who he revived using heaven-sent waters at Mount Gurayn; he afterwards went into his own quest, where he slayed a seven-headed monster; he eventually returned to Mantapoli, Rajah Solayman: brother of Rajah Indarapatra; went on a quest to defeat various monsters; slayed Kurita, Tarabusar, and Pah, but died when Pah's weight crushed him; revived when Rajah Indarapatra poured heaven-sent waters onto his bones, where afterwards, Rajah Solayman returned to Mantapoli. (1992). Folklore Studies Vol. Yabes, L. Y. However, if you see its tail first, then bad luck will befall a friend. 31, No. Diccionario mitologico de Filipinas. University of Manila., 1958. Philippine folklore stories. (I have a strange sense of what constitutes a good idea.). Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press. POTET, Jean-Paul G. (2013). Write CSS OR LESS and hit save. PhD diss., University of the Philippines. Ramos-Shahani, L., Mangahas, Fe., Romero-Llaguno, J. Centipedes are heavily dependent on water, since they dry out easily, so cool water is an exceptionally appropriate offering for a centipede god of the desert. Gianno, Rosemary (2004). The Boxer Codex Manuscript c. 1590, using the English translation by Souza & Turley. Ramirez y Giraudier, 1860. Wigington, Patti. Nearly all cultures have some sort of spider mythology, and folktales about these crawly creatures abound! Diccionario mitologico de Filipinas. "'Women are not brave enough' Semelai male midwives in the context of Southeast Asian cultures". It is referred to in a number of Hindu scriptures. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity. The Institutions of Maguindanao. Volume 34. Kumar, D. (2011). Watch a caterpillar, inching along. It is also a contemporary Hindu name used in many parts of India. Page 22. Pasig: River of Life. Beyer, H. O. Marigondon; can level a mountain with a kick; one of the Mactan chieftains loyally allied to Datu Mangal, Umindig: chief of Bo. In an interesting contrast, although beetles are typically found in less-than-clean places, and are sometimes associated with filth and disease, they are also part of the cycle of life that leads to new beginnings and creation. The Culture of the Bontoc Igorot. Unfortunately, on short notice, the most reliable information I can find on Sepa is the aforementioned link to Henadology, and the primary reference for that article is in French (which is fine) but not among my personal collection (which is less fine), so I cant verify it first-hand. Talaguit, C. J. N. (2019). Williams, M. S. (1997). de Castro, Lourdes. The Origin of Earth and of Man. Sepa was sometimes referred to as the centipede of Horus and the Book of the Dead also makes a connection between Sepa and Anubis: I am Anubis on the Day of the Centipede, I am the Bull who presides over the field. They are: The last three are theSantisima Trinidad, to whom the, Rawtit: the ancient and gigantic matriarch who wields a huge knife, wears a lycra, and has magical power to leap miles in one bound; she brings peace to the forest and all its inhabitants, Quadruple Deities: the four childless naked deities, composed of two gods who come from the sun and two goddesses who come from the upper part of the river; summoned using the paragayan or diolang plates, Sayum-ay and Manggat: the ancestral ancient couple who named all trees, animals, lakes, rocks, and spirits, Labang: evil spirits which manifests in animal forms whose bites are fatal, as the bite marks on humans can become channels for bad spirits, Lahi: spirits which are potential allies and protectors against the Labang, Malawan: spirits that live in the springs in the deep forest, Taw Gubat: jungle men who live deep in the forest, Bulaw: those who live in mountain peaks; depicted as shooting stars because they fly from one peak to another and lights its way with a torch made from human bone, Bulang: a man who got stuck underwater during a torrential rain, resulting to his body become a rock called Bato Bulang; his rock serves as a stopper to a hole beneath it at the Binagaw river, where if it is to be removed, the whole area will be submerged in water, Mahal na Makaako: the supreme deity who gave life to all human beings merely by gazing at them, Binayo: owner of a garden where all spirits rest, Binayi: a sacred female spirit who is the caretaker of the Kalag Paray; married to Balingabong, Balungabong: spirit who is aided by 12 fierce dogs; erring souls are chased by these dogs and are eventually drowned in a cauldron of boiling water; married to Binayi, Kalag Paray: rice spirits; appeased to ensure a bountiful harvest, Labang: evil spirits who can take the form of animals and humans, Daniw: spirit residing in the stone cared for by the healers, Anay and Apog: the only two humans who survived the great flood which killed every other human; lived on top of Mount Naapog, Inabay: wife of Amalahi; met a ghoul, who she requested betel nuts to chew on, as per custom; later turned into a ghoul due to the ghoul's betel nuts, Amalahi: husband of Inabay; killed by his wife, who had turned into a ghoul, Daga-daga: eldest child of Inabay and Amalahi; sister of Palyos; called on the help of the Timawa to escape from her mother, and took care of her child brother in the forest, Palyos: younger child of Ibanay and Amalahi; brother of Daga-daga; befriended a wild chicken who he became friends with until he became tall; eventually, his friend chicken left the world of the living, leaving on its two wings, which when Palyos planted, sprouted and fruited rice, clothing, beads, and many others, which he and his sister shared with others, Timawa: the elves who aided the child Daga-daga and her small brother Palyos to escape from their mother, Inabay, who had turned into a ghoul, Amalahi: a grinning man who tricked the giant Amamangan and his family, which led to their death, Amamangan: a giant whose entire family were tricked by Amalahi, leading to death, Daldali: the fast one, who is always in a hurry, which usually results into deplorable things; cousin of Malway-malway, Malway-malway: the slow one, whose acts are normal and proper; cousin of Daldali, Monkey and Crocodile: two characters where Monkey always outwits.